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Loon Magic - Wayzata Technology (8011) (1993).iso
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1993-07-25
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The Care and Protection of Chicks
Because chicks are quite vulnerable to exposure and fatigue,
chilling is a more serious problem than predation. According to
McIntyre, body temperatures of chicks are about 7°F lower than the
102°F temperature of adults. This may be an important reason for
the lengthy free rides adults give their chicks. Back-riding is a
priceless sight seen only in the first few weeks of a chick's life.
During the first week, the adults carry the chicks about sixty-five
percent of the time. It saves the chick's energy and provides warmth.
The free ride also offers the chicks protection from predators and
allows the adults freedom of movement. To get on board, chicks often
wait for the adult to partially submerge and lift its wings out of the
way. To unload the chicks, the adult may dive quickly or rear back,
leaving the chicks afloat and maybe a bit surprised. Some observers
have watched chicks climb aboard without any help from the adults.
Back-riding is not common with most other water birds, though
grebes do carry their entire brood of three or four chicks at once.
The care and feeding of loon chicks is a full time vocation for the
adults. In a doctoral dissertation on loons, Jack Barr estimated the
energy requirements of chicks at eight times those of the adults.
While studying yellow-billed loons, Sjolander and Agren watched the
adults feed their chicks as frequently as seventy-three times during
a single day. About fifteen percent of those feedings involved plant
material. During the first twelve days of a chick's life, the two
University of Stockholm researchers never saw them farther than six
feet from the adults.
Although chicks start looking for fish early, they do not catch many
until they are about a week old. Even at three weeks of age, chicks
have a capture efficiency rate of only three percent, according to
McIntyre. She has observed adults "teaching" fishing techniques to
their chicks by dropping an injured fish or minnow in front of the
chick. The feeding of chicks peaks at about two weeks and gradually
drops off until the chicks at about eight weeks old can be considered
independent.
In 1838, John James Audubon reported loons regurgitating food to
feed their chicks. Unless loon behavior has changed since then,
Audubon was mistaken. Chicks are fed small, live minnows between
a half-ounce to one ounce in size after begging for food by pecking at
the base of the adult's bill. Adults often dip the food in the water and
splash it sideways before offering it to their young. With captive
chicks, Olson discovered that food had to be presented in a similar
fashion or the chicks refused to eat.
The early days for loon chicks appear to be easy ones, with time
for feeding, riding on the adults' backs, loafing, preening and
cruisingmall with no apparent regularity. chOlson once even
observed a chick being fed by one adult while freeloading on the
back of the other parent. What a life!
The level of parental care is impressive. When Olson captured
chicks to mark them for his Minnesota study, the adults would
perform spectacular displays, rushing up to within ten to twenty feet
of the canoe while giving high-pitched tremolo calls. These protective
efforts would last up to three minutes and would be repeated with
decreasing intensity over a longer period. When the chicks were
released, some parents immediately rejoined them while others
offered "wary acceptance", but no chicks were rejected. Olson
summed up loon parental behavior as "striking."
Loons are also known to accept orphan chicks. In June of 1980,
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources wildlife biologist Ron
Eckstein took a ten-day-old abandoned chick to a pair of loons with
one chick. When the chick spotted the other loons, it immediately
swam toward the new family. The adults escorted the chick to a
nearby shoreline and within one minute the chick climbed on an
adult's back, fully accepted. A month later, Eckstein observed the
adult loons feeding two healthy chicks of about equal size. This
foster-parenting role might explain reports of three-chick broods
such as the one spotted on Second Connecticut Lake in New
Hampshire.
The protection of chicks continues for at least one month and in
some cases up to three months. Adults with slow-moving chicks, one
week to three weeks old, often employ a distraction display when
threatened. If disturbed, the adults will act as decoys, diving to open
water and remaining conspicuous while the young lie flat on the
water to lower their profile.
This behavior is similar to the broken-wing act of the blue-winged
teal. While trout fishing on the Sioux River, a Lake Superior
tributary, I encountered a teal flapping her wings and moving
upstream just ahead of me. Entranced by her performance, I nearly
missed seeing the brood of fuzzy chicks which were swimming
quietly downstream tight against the bank, given away only by their
"peeps." When I was about fifty yards upstream from our first point
of encounter, I watched the teal recover miraculously and fly
downstream to rejoin her brood. Female killdeer and ruffed grouse
are famous for their performance of similar tricks.